Which term describes turf health issues caused by living organisms such as fungi and bacteria?

• A. Biotic Disorders
• B. Abiotic
• C. Allelopathy
• D. Arachnid

Answer: (A)

Turf health problems caused by living organisms such as fungi and bacteria are described as biotic disorders. This category covers diseases and pests that arise from living agents, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and insects, which distinguishes them from nonliving stresses. Abiotic factors are nonliving stresses like drought, heat, cold, nutrient deficiencies, or chemical injuries, not infections. Allelopathy refers to chemicals released by one plant that suppress another, which is a specific plant interaction rather than a broad category of turf problems caused by pathogens. An arachnid is simply a type of organism (spider-related) and does not capture the general idea of turf issues caused by living pathogens.